Glodbalisation / / Sustainability & The Media

Definitions of GLOBALISATION  include SOCIALIST & CAPITALIST models.

Westernisation / / Americanisation of all cultures.

Shift towards a global world as one culture / / entity:
An increasingly unsustainable capitalist system on a global scale.

SOCIALIST / /
- For collectivity
- shared resources / / working together
CAPITALIST / /
- Increases the amount of markets you can tap into
- global markets

George Ritzer 
'McDonaldization'

Ritzer highlighted four primary components of McDonaldization:

• Efficiency – the optimal method for accomplishing a task. In this context, Ritzer has a very specific meaning of "efficiency". In the example of McDonald's customers, it is the fastest way to get from being hungry to being full. Efficiency in McDonaldization means that every aspect of the organization is geared toward the minimization of time.^[1]
• Calculability – objective should be quantifiable (e.g., sales) rather than subjective (e.g., taste). McDonaldization developed the notion that quantity equals quality, and that a large amount of product delivered to the customer in a short amount of time is the same as a high quality product. This allows people to quantify how much they're getting versus how much they’re paying. Organizations want consumers to believe that they are getting a large amount of product for not a lot of money. Workers in these organizations are judged by how fast they are instead of the quality of work they do.^[1]
• Predictability – standardized and uniform services. "Predictability" means that no matter where a person goes, they will receive the same service and receive the same product every time when interacting with the McDonaldized organization. This also applies to the workers in those organizations. Their tasks are highly repetitive, highly routine, and predictable.^[1]
• Control – standardized and uniform employees, replacement of human by non-human technologies

With these four processes, a strategy which is rational within a narrow scope can lead to outcomes that are harmful or irrational. The process of McDonaldization can be summarized as the way in which "the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as of the rest of the world."

All cultures operate in the same way as America.  The principles and values of American capitalist business dominate the majority of other cultures.
Marshall McLuhan
"As the unity of the modern world becomes increasingly a technological rather than a social affair, the techniques of the arts provide the most valuable means of insight into the real direction of our own collective purposes."
Developments in technology and how it would change the world / /  New technologies develop us as individuals / / we can now hear and see events on a global scale - in the age of digital communication / / not only on a global scale, but faster than ever before.

GLOBAL VILLAGE THESIS
The world shrinks / / brings people from all cultures / societies together.
Incorrect.  So many negative aspects to this theory that have become a reality. 
We are de-sensitised to peoples pain around the world because we see it on a daily basis, i.e. Oxfam appeals on television - we've seen it so many times in our lives that we are used to it.  Also, can choose to ignore it if we want by turning the channel over.  This is ridiculous because, surely if someone saw this in real life it would affect them, they would have to help?  Distances us from these realities.
Naive view.Global village is an assimilated community.

Jihad vs McWorld

Problems of Globalization 
Sovereignty / / challenges idea of national sovreignity.
Cultural Imperialism
- Forcing culture on others / / forcing them to think the way we do
- Mass media a vessel for imperialism of West.

Time Warner 
Worldwide company / / own hundreds of smaller companies / / Own CNN - control it.
Voice of one group spread globally / / encouraging linear view throughout the world.
Dominant American culture spread worldwide
Big Brother - Western program
- Repeated in other cultures around the world-Version of Western culture imposed on other cultures. Applies to all media
- the effect of this is cultural assimilation
- People believe they should aim for this culture

MURDOCH / /





THE SUN / / Wins elections for politicians in favour rather than the party campaign / / Approx 40% nespapers controlled by one single man.
- If the owner has an agenda - the way the information is put forward and recieved by the reader means that it will always be bias.

US based - Global Climate Coalition 
- directly contradict scare stories of global warming
Information spread in the interests of oil companies. Big capitalist companies

Al Gore 
- Campaigner for environmentalist views
All solutions he poses for global warming rely on people spending money and buying things.

SUSTAINABILITY / / GROWTH - CONTRADICTION.

Greenwashing - branding companies in a way that makes them appear caring, when they're more than likely not.

SUSTAINABILITY IS IMPOSSIBLE UNDER A CAPITALIST SYSTEM AS IT RELIES ENTIRELY ON CONTINUOUS GROWTH

Internet has given people who want to resist the mechanism to do so. As a group
Global resistance / / Activists coming together in groups.

Essay / / [1st Draft]

Why does a change in typeface within re- branding affect the way in which it is perceived by the audience?

Type is an essential aspect of design.  With regards to type alongside branding, it can be a powerful force of identity if executed successfully.  If this process is communicated effectively, the typeface is then associated with that brand.  In relation to logos, the type can be seen as image, letterforms as shapes conveying personality.  If the wrong typeface is used, the audience starts seeing the type as a word, rather than a logo. Graphic and Type designer Gerard Unger believes that ‘It is almost impossible to look and read at the same time, they are different actions.’  This rings true to ill-chosen typefaces.  The audience is distracted by the act of looking, rather than reading the information it is supposed to be communicating.  When engaging with the subject of type and re- branding, it is important to look into the effect it can have on its audience.  Author Melissa Davis states that

‘A brand may reposition to target a new audience or to change its market altogether- such as shifting from an upmarket position to a lower one’. ‘More than a name’ 2006 (pg62)

In extreme cases, the audience can switch because of a simple typographical alteration- the power of type is often overlooked, but even subtle changes like a curved bracket on the descender of a letterform can completely change the tone of a word.  Choice of type provokes emotion generally without the audience knowing they are being manipulated by it.  Type within branding is a point that deserves much consideration and analysis- a closer exploration is necessary to further understand an audience’s reaction to it.

       

The main case to reference would be the subtle rebranding of the Swedish lifestyle superstore ‘Ikea’ mid 2009, where they abandoned the well-known ‘elegant’ customised version of ‘Futura’, and in its place switched to a more modern font ‘Verdana’ for the signage and catalogue.  Journalist for ‘Time’ Lisa Abend believes that ‘Branding has been a large part of the Swedish chains success’, this is because of its strict consistency constantly re-enforcing its identity to the audience.  However, this strict consistency was challenged in the form of font.  Although so many brands before have made subtle changes to their identity through a slight alteration in type choice, it usually has little reaction, aside from the odd blog post of an outraged ‘typophile’.  Yet, the surprising notable was that Ikeas strategy was recognised- and not just by typographers and graphic designers, but by the general public.  This signifies the power of a slight change in type within a large brand. This form of re- branding is the easiest way to update an (arguably in Ikeas case) aging company.  The reason for this modernisation, Ikea argued, was that ‘It’s more efficient and cost effective.  Plus a simple, modern looking typeface’ Ikea spokeswoman, Monika Grocic from the article ‘Font wars’ in ‘Time’ Aug 28^th 2009.  This sounds more like an economically led choice than a respectable choice of identity.  The Ikea vision

‘Is to create a better everyday life for the many people. Our business idea supports this vision by offering a wide range of well-designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them.’  Sourced: www.Ikea.com.

This vision supports the earlier statement from Grocic on the subject of ‘efficiency’ and ‘cost effectiveness’- the type reflects the vision in this aspect and is therefore a good typeface to choose?    But it is not the solid concept of this rebranding that is the focus, it is the reaction this rebranding from the audience.  Such a response surely begs the question, is it a case of people getting used to a brand once it makes a change.  One of the main reasons against using Verdana in line with the IKEA brand is that it is used across the whole of the web.  Such widespread use means that some of their originality and classy denotations through their use of Futura are now lost, and are instead replaced with a font that has no true identity because of the broad spectrum of brands it is already associated with.    McMutrie believes that

‘The outward form of modern typography is of little importance in itsef; the expression of the sense of the copy is vital.  Easy comprehension of the message, which in typography represents function, is therefore determinant of form.  1929 (p40-42)

McMutrie is essentially stating that when the message is clearly received in typography, it’s because the aura of the message has been successfully communicated- its function has been fulfilled.  This function directly relates back to form, i.e. the way the type is designed and the connotations it holds.  For example, Futura denotes a more personal style against Verdana.  This is because of the continuous construction of the stroke- there are no emphatic points of transition between strokes, or breaks between elements.  This flowing construction feels friendlier against the abrupt and instant transition of Verdanas counters, which are more angular, connoting a feeling of impersonality (Fig 3).  ‘Futura has a quirkyness to it that Verdana do es not’ argues Simon Garfield, ‘Just my Type’, 2011 (pg.82).  It is the bulkiness of the weighting juxtaposed with a quiet sense of style that one can relate to this ‘quirkiness’.  There is a certain level of delicacy to Verdana, with key characters such as double storey letterforms and in contrast, a relatively thin weighting.  However, the large x- height and wide proportion of Verdana let the audience know it is there to be read, the confidence of the type signifies a sense of authority that was previously masked in Futura by its stylish yet welcoming look.  This confidence on Verdanas part is one of the reasons that the change was rejected so profoundly- IKEA had changed from a self assured and silently industrial personality, to one that arrogantly demands the audiences’ attention.

Henry David Thoreau states that ‘It’s not what you look at that matters, it’s what you see.’  In the case of IKEAs rebrand this is the problem.  The audience went from a personalised front that resonated with them because they were used to it, then onto an impersonal, distant typeface that they related to (being an original digital type) in a digital manner.  This is not what IKEA is about.  They sell ‘well-designed’ products with personality (Fig 1).  Roland Barthes argues the death of the author,

‘Outside of any other function than that of the very practice of the symbol itself, the disconnection occurs, the voice loses its origin, the author enters into his own death, writing begins.’ The Death of the Author, 1967 (pg.142)

In this instance the voice is the feeling the customer gets when walking through the store, reading the catalogue- it has lost its origin because of the use of the typeface Verdana.  When you go into an IKEA store there is a certain closeness and physical sense to the experience.  As a customer you have the opportunity to touch the products, walk into a homely environment as if you live there.  Verdana does not reflect this mood.  It is a more clinical typeface that has no particular identity.  When customers enter the store they can choose to walk into these environments, each with their own personalised, specific identity that they can relate to (Fig 2).  There is a divorce between the meaning the type is trying to communicate and its visual form.  ‘The death of the author’ has arisen in this case because of this divorce in a critical design relationship; the audience began to have an opinion on this decision to re- brand IKEA through type.  Beatrice Warde, who states that type should be invisible in order to communicate effectively, argues this point.  The only people who should notice type are the people who design it.  If the receivers recognise the type within design then the message (subject matter) is not being communicated successfully.  The viewer is then distracted by thoughts on design choices rather than the information in front of them.

With reference to Barthes ‘Death of the Author’, the reason there was so much response from the public was because ‘the author’ (IKEA) had failed at communicating ‘the symbol’, (their brand aura- personality and craft) because of this ‘writing begins’ through the customers of IKEA.  The audience has been challenged because of inconsistency within the re-brand; it forced them to think about something they had never noticed before.  One aspect that needs to be considered is how existing customers are going to react to the re- branding of a company.  Melissa Davis states that, ‘A repositioning can be a difficult tactic for a brand- while it may open the brand up to a new audience it may also alienate an existing one.’  ‘More than a name’, 2006 (pg 63).  In IKEAs case this rang true.  The general reaction was one of confusion that forced the question, ‘why?’  This change took away the focus from selling the product and put it on the change of typeface, which E.Lupton argues is a detrimental flaw within typographic design.  Good type should be transparent.

In conclusion, it is important to note that in some cases, brands do so well because they have kept consistency for such lengthy periods of time, forming a relationship of trust and reliability with their customers.  This can be relevant even in poor design choices.  If a brand keeps their style consistent for long enough it means that not only does the company have longevity for staying in business for so long, but it also means that whenever the audience sees this brand, they are seeing the same thing, reinforcing their image upon you.  ‘Legibility is only a matter of being used to something: it is the reader’s familiarity with faces that accounts for their legibility’ Licko, 1991, (pg.12) This could be true in the case of IKEA.  If they stick with Verdana for long enough people will accept it, and possibly even respect the change- they have to show strength in their decisions.  However, in answer to the initial question, on a technical level, the type now suits the company and their values more so than Futura.  Nevertheless, on a personal level, Futura was more suited, the audience related to this because of its transparency.  The re- brand only really had a measureable effect on the way designers perceived IKEA, there is little evidence to suggest that the audience then thought differently about the brand.  Initially there was a huge reaction from designers and public alike, but after time, the public lost interest and sales were not affected, signifying that the re- brand didn’t change the way people perceived the brand enough for profits to either increase or decrease.  Does this, therefore mean that type cannot change the way non- designers perceive a brand?  Or does it mean that respect can be lost or gained for a brand without effecting sales?

 

Bibliography:

Books:

Greenhalgh, P. (1993) ‘Quotations and Sources on design and the decorative arts.’  Manchester University Press.

Garfield, F. (2011) ‘Just my Type- a book about fonts.’  Profile Books.

Davis, M. (2009)‘The fundamentals of Branding.’  AVA publishing, 1^st Edition.

Baines, P. Haslam, A. (2005) ‘Type and typography’ Laurence King; 2 edition.

Unknown.  (2008) ‘Postmodernism: New typography for a new reader.’

Barthes, R.  (1967) ‘The death of the Author’

Airey, D.  (2009)  ‘Logo Design Love: A Guide to Creating Iconic Brand Identities (Voices That Matter).’  New Riders; 1 Edition.

(2009) ‘IKEA.  Home is the most important place in the World.’

(2010) ‘IKEA.  New lower prices, same great quality’

Sites:

Abend, L. (2009) ‘The font war: Ikea Fans Fume over Verdana.’  Time.com

Unger, G. www.gerardunger.com

Challand, S.  (2009) ‘IKEA says goodbye to Futura.’  Idsgn.org

Hyperreality / / Task

Write a short analysis (300 words approx) of an aspect of our culture that is in some way Hyperreal. 

'Hyperreality is used in semiotics and postmodern philosophy to describe a hypothetical inability of consciousness to distinguish reality from a simulation of reality... Hyperreality is a way of characterising what our consciousness defines as "real" in a world where a multitude of media can radically shape and filter an original event or experience' 

CHINATOWN / /

London

'The name Chinatown has been used at different times to describe different places in London. The present Chinatown is part of the Soho area of the City of Westminster, occupying the area in and around Gerrard Street. It contains a number of Chinese restaurants, bakeries, supermarkets, souvenir shops, and other Chinese-run businesses.'

Today's Chinatown is a designated tourist stop, for its restaurants and lion dances and lunar New Year and Mid Autumn celebrations. Its archway, paifang (牌坊) or ornamental gates mark its boundaries. Tourist trap? Or a spot for Londoner, out of towner, or foreigner to eat a variety of Chinese fare.

Yet, it remains a tourist spot. Its paifang transports the ordinary Londoner or the tourist into a world of one's fancy about China; its fairy lights add a splash of color and enchantment. The tones of Chinese disorient ever so slightly which lend a playful melody to chimes of the imagination.

Source.

Chinatown London can be described as being hyperreal in the sense that it is located thousands of miles away from China, yet it is trying to replicate the look and feel their markets.  Because London itself is the capital of England and therefore has a large amount of tourism, Chinatown does also.  This means that people who haven't visited China but have visited Chinatown Ldn are receiving a weakened version, one that doesn't entirely communicate truth.  Because Chinatown relies so heavily on tourism for a main source of profit, it is only natural for there to be a saturated gift / gimmick business area that they will capitalise on. 

Identity

Considering identity throughout history.

Discourse methodology.

Identity in the digital domain.

Essentialism (traditional approach)
Biological make-up that categorises the kind of person you are.

Postmodernist theorists disagree.  Move away from essentialism in post modern era.

Phrenology

The idea is that you can have a perfect balance within the brain.  Notion that different parts of the brain formulate the person you are.  If one aspect is particularly large then another aspect will be muc smaller- upsetting the balance.

Physiognomy

Study of facial characteristics.  Gives rise to explicit racism.  19th Century.  Based on a white European middle to upper class background.  Suggests you can equate someones intelligence with features.  Using it as a way of legitimising racism.  

Anti-sematism.

Heronymous Bosch.  Anti sematic roots.  Notion that the Jewish race sent him to his death they are inherently evil.

Chris Ofili.  Work tries to display features that resonate with his audience. 

Historical phases of identity.

Pre modern-identity- personal identity is stable- defined by long standing roles.

Modern identity- modern societies begin to offer a wider range of social roles.  Possibly to start chossing you identity, rather than being born into it.  People begin to worry about who they are.

Post modern identity- accepts a fragmented self.  Identity is constructed.  Decide what your identity is going to be.

Pre-modern:

Institutions- marriage / / patriarchy / / the state / / government / / monarchy.

Secure identities - If you're a farm worker you report to the landed gentry.

                           factory worker- industrial capitalism.

                           soldier - state.

Modern:

To read up on:

                           Baudelaire

                           Veblen

                           Simmel.

Baudelaire:

Introduces concept of the flaneur (gentleman stroller).  By being out and about they show they don't need to be at work.  Conspicuous consumption.

Simmel:

Introduces the trickle down theory.  What the fashion system as we know today is based upon.  Showing something to aspire to / / something that differenciates them from the rest of society.  The lower class that see the upper then aspire to and attempt to emulate this.  The upper then combat this by new fashion, lower copy.  Fashion cycle.

Suggests that because of the speed of mutability of modernity, individuals withdraw themselves.

Foulcault:

"Identity is constructed out of the discourses culturally available to us."

Poddible discourses:

Age / / class / / gender / / income etc.  Four main:

- Class

- Nationality

- Race/Ethnicity

- Gender and Sexuality.

Notions of the influence of women has been overlooked in the past.

Class system came about from the industrial revolution.

Las Vegas quote.

Sums up the notion of dumbing down of society.

Gillian Wearing,

Signs that say what you want them to say and not signs that say what someone else wants you to say, 1992-3

Gender and Sexuality:

Early media, history of art- what women should look like.  

Edmund Bergler,

Makes the point that the fashion industry is run by men not women.  

The Postmodern condition:
Liquid modernity and liquid love.
Post modern theory:
Suggests that identity is constructed through social experiences.
Bauman:
Identity is an objective that you can set out to achieve.
Hargreaves:
Introspection is a disappearing act.  
 

CTS Essay

"It's not what you look at, it's what you see."  Henry David Thoreau.

A detailed examination into the heirarchy and grid system within two different articles on the same subject.  And the way in which this system is used by its designers to manipulate how the reader recieves the story.

Bibliography:

'The fundamentals of Graphic Design' 

Gavin Ambrose and Paul Harris

'Grid systems in Graphic Design:  a visual communication manual for graphic designers, typographers, and three dimensional designers.'

Josef Muller Brockmann
'Design for communication: conceptual graphic design basics.'
Elizabeth Resnick
'The designer's Graphic Stew: Visual Ingredients, Techniques, and Layout.'
Timothy Samara
Design writing research.
Ellen Lupton, J. Abbot muller
Design Studies: theory and research in graphic design.
Audrey Bennett

'The Guardian' 

Broadsheet, newspaper

Cities and Film

Cities and Film

The city in modernism.  Urban sociology.

The city as both a public and private space.

The city in postmodernism.

Simmel.

A German sociologist.  

Metropalis and Mental life.

Wrote about the effects of the city on the individual.

Comes from surrealism and Dada.

The idea that one individual is surrounded by people, yet still alone.

Simmel puts forward the idea of urban sociology.  In his essay he examines how the individdual can exist in a space that is built on a group contribution.

Idea of the city engulfing the human figure.  In the background as a threat, yet also being dependant on physical and manual labour.

Sullivan.

Credited with being the creator of the modern skyscraper.

'Form follows Function.'

Guaranty Building.  The idea of the city growing upward as well as outward.

Extremely decorative.  Influenced by the arts and crafts movement.  The inside is tightly organised.  Divided into four zones.  Basement mechanical area.  Ground floor- piublic area, shops.  Third zone, office.  Final zone, consisting of elevator equipment and small offices.  

Ordered environment.

The skyscrapers in the American city represent the upwardly motion of business opporunity.

Manhatta.

Paul Strand and CHarles Scheeler.

The idea of an America that is built on immigration.

Positive?

Explore the relationship between photography and film.

Small cog in a larger machine.

Scheeler.

City towering powerful mechanical presence.

Fordism.

The human body becomes part of the machine.

Maximum productivity with minimal effort.

The worker who is employed for this menial effort labour, so they can get a wage to buy the goods they produce.  The labourer is also the consumer.  Self perpetuating prophecy.

1929 Stock Market Crash.

Factories close, unemployment rises.

Leads to the Great Depression.

Man with a Movie Camera.

Silent documentary film 1929.

Explores the role of the movie camera in the city.

Famous for its range of cinematic techniques- they are invented within this film for others to follow.

Seeks to create a futuristic commentary.

Celebration of industrialisation, mechanicalism, technology etc.

Flaneur

"To stroll"

Figure in literiture has been used to think about what the role of the body is in the city.

Baudelaire.

Looks at the Flaneur who is simultaneously a part of and a part from the crowd.

A man of leisure, with no place to go.  Just there to observe others actions and interactions.

Benjamin.

Adopts this concept as an analytical tool.  Ironic as he himself is in essence a Flaneur.

Arcades Project.

Allow an experience of the city that is both inside and outside at the time.  The idea of a 'cafe society'- places where these observations can be made.

Flaneuse.

Female version of the Flaneur.

What does it mean for the female figure to be a wandering observer in the city.

A femenist sociology of modernity should emerge.  

Susan Bock- Morss.

Suggests that what we think of when we think of a woman on the street is either a 'bad lady' or a lady of the night.

Arbus and Hopper.

Observed moments.  A sense of threat.  The darkness that surrounds them has depth to it.  The night is engulfing them both.

Venice.

Architecture and layout.  Labyrinth of alleys and streets.  Small- so you'd always end up back where you came from.

'Don't look now.':

Issues of memory and trauma of grief.  Play on identity.

The Detective.

Private dectective hired to follow herself.  His record of his obervation following her.  Photographic evidence of her existence.  Essentially like facebook- a construction and story that is edited and writeen by her.  SHe took the dectective wher eshe wanted to go because she knew she was being followed.

Cindy Sherman.

Stereotypical figure of women in the city.  Where the woman is in some sense almost lost/trapped by the city.  Low angle view points.  Looming presence of skyscrapers behind the character.

Weegee.

City as a place of threat not just examined by female photographers.

Dark side of NYC.

Mobile darkroom in the car.

Instantanious reporting.  Revolutionary.

'The naked city'.

Noire tradition.

L.A. NOIRE- 2011

The firt video game to be shown at the Tribecca Film Festival.

Challenges the player to control the L.A police department.

The idea of the city as simultaneously in the past present and future.

Metropolis/ Blade Runner.

Future in he city,

The idea of the body in the city is also explored in Lorca di Corcia Heads 2001.

Detatched observer.  Haunting, alienated subject of the individual in the crowd.  Clearly in their own mental space whilst surrounded by others.

Doesn't ask permission.

Name of the photographs are the city- placing them back into the annonymity of that place.  Taking away their identity.

Walker Evans.

Many are called.

Made with the sue of a hidden camere beneath his trenchoat.  Unobserved moments.  Moments of very private moments within the public space.  Unaware that they are being photographed.

Again, the idea that people are alone in the city despite being surrounded.

Ed Soja.

Getting lost in architecture.

Proposed same idea in the city.

City is a confusing and encompassing experience on the individual.

Joel Meyerowitz.

Eye level- confusing.

Reflects mental state.

Citizen Journalism

Impossible to be a detatched observer now.

Liz Wells.

Immediacy of mobile phone images.  Replaces the idea of reporters.  Different aesthetic in citizen journalism.  More about information- photography used as evidence.  Images of 7/7 bombings were online within an hour.  No longer have separation of individual and city and experience of the city.

Surveillance city.

Enormous investment in machinery of surveillance.

Coming together of photography and film in the street.

"Looking is not Indifferent".

Berger.

Doesn't mean that women are vain.  Common misunderstanding.  Women have an idea of themselves being looked at.  Mostly concentrates on nudity in european art.  A proliferation of images.

'Vanity'
Mirror is present in the paining as a device that works in harmony with the title.  Forces us to make a judgment about this woman- she is vain.

The gaze in the media.
Contemporary advertising.

Woman lost in thought.  Assume that she is lost in a moment of vanity.  She is not looking at the viewer so it is easier for the viewer to gaze at her- it is easier for us to judge.

Cabanel.
Reclining.  Raises hand that covers her eyes, allows us to look at her body without a challenge of her looking back.  Three quarters of the image is taken up by her body, the main focus of the painting.

Opium.
Was rejected because of its overt sexual nature. 
Emphasis changes with the vertical format onto the face.

Titian
Traditional nude.  There is a challenge to the gaze, but her stare is more inviting and relaxed.

Manet.
Modernist period.  Modern nude.  The difference between the two is that olympia sits elevated and looks directly into the viewers eye.  More of an assertive pose.  Carries the signs of wealth, receives gifts.  Cat represents femininity.  Disregarding girft from admirer- looks directly at the viewer.

Ingres.

Guerilla Girls.
Research into quotes.

The Gaze and The Media.
Manet.
Type of self portrait.  Manet himself is pictured in the reflection of the bar.  Giving the viewer several different perspectives at once.  Distorted mirror reflection.  Open gesture, represents approachable nature. 

Jeff Wall.
Reinterpretation.  quote from tate site.

Coward.
Camera extension of the male gaze.  People are desensitised by nudity.  Although she poses in such a way that invites a gaze, she is wearing sunglasses so as not to challange us.  This is a common use within contemporary advertising.

Wonderbra.
Playful interaction that makes the gaze acceptable.  Looking down at herself, or looking down on us (in context of a large scale billboard)- inviting, lack of challenge.

Coward.
A form of voyeurism.  Look into 'Peeping Tom' 1960.

Men objectified.
Underwear advert ft a male in reclining pose.  Similar to birth of venus.  Closed eyes.  We are invited to look at the body without challenge.
To put this in context.  Dr Scott Lucas: "The isuue of male objectivity is often raised in gender classes.  Men are now equally objectified in pop culture.  Can men be objectified as women are.
Can find examples of male objectivity, however, quantified against the scale of female objectivity it doesn't even compare.

D&G
Different to female- partially clothed.  Display of male strength- in a gym setting, sport connotations, health etc.  All eyes are staring at the viewer, every single one of them returns the gaze.  This gives a sense of power that reflects the setting they are in.

Cinema.  'One may look without being seen." 
Find a female protagonist in film.

Gentileschi.
Reverses traditional roles. 

Pollock.
Looks at womens exclusion in art history.  In history of painting womens role is left out.

Sherman.
Illustrative of the gaze.  Wasn't making the work with theories of the gaze in mind.  It is existing motifs that appear in photography and film that naturally reflect it.
Lying on a bed.  Eyes looking away, reclining body, however, turned vertically much like opium.  Gives different connotations.  Reminders that we are looking at a reconstruction.  Talk about how the replication makes it less sincere and akward- implies acting, so therefore the gaze is not longer enjoyable?  What does this mean?

Kruger.
Conscious replication of gaze.  Offering us the side of her face as an alternative.  Refusal to return the gaze onto her body.

Lucas.
Idea that a woman might be self conscious about eating a banana in public.  Visualisation of the idea that a woman creates self consciousness in a fairly mundane everyday act.
Fried eggs.
Her body is there to be consumed.  Challenging idea of something derogatory in small breasts.

Emin.
The body creates the money.  Bringing together idea of women making money from their art focusing on their bodies.

Sontag.
Powerpoint quote.
Princess Diana.
Our desire to passively consume these voyeuristic images is what feeds their production.  Self fulfilling prophecy.

Reality T.V.
Operates in a similar way.  Passive consumption of reality.  Gives us the power of the gaze? Not reality at all.  Aware of their own representation, so therefore change their behaviour as a projection in which they want to be received.
Turning voyeurism into an everyday activity.

"Looking is not indifferent."